������Ƶ

Carriage of Goods by Sea Act (COGSA): Federal law enacted in 1936 that standardizes carrier's liability with respect to cargo shipped to/from U.S. ports in foreign trade.

Harter Act: 1893 federal law governing the rights and duties between cargo interests and ship owners, particularly applicable to domestic shipping and the period before loading and after discharge.

Federal Bills of Lading Act (Pomerene Act): 1916 federal legislation governing the negotiability and legal aspects of bills of lading in interstate and foreign commerce.

Shipping Act of 1984: Federal law regulating ocean shipping, including requirements for common carriers and shipping practices, as amended by the Ocean Shipping Reform Act.

Hague Rules: International convention establishing uniform rules for bills of lading in international trade, setting minimum standards for carrier's liability.

Hague-Visby Rules: Updated version of Hague Rules with amended liability limits and expanded scope, though not ratified by US but important for international trade.

Hamburg Rules: UN Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea establishing alternative liability regime for ocean carriers, though not ratified by US.

Rotterdam Rules: Modern international convention aimed at harmonizing rules for international carriage of goods, including electronic bills of lading (not ratified by US).

UCC Article 7: Uniform Commercial Code article governing documents of title, including bills of lading, in domestic commerce.

UCC Article 2: Uniform Commercial Code article governing sales of goods, relevant for bills of lading in sales transactions.

General Maritime Law: Body of common law principles governing maritime commerce and navigation in the United States.

Federal Maritime Commission Regulations: Administrative rules governing ocean transportation intermediaries and carrier practices in US foreign commerce.

US Customs and Border Protection Requirements: Federal regulations governing documentation requirements for international cargo entering or leaving US ports.

ISPS Code: International Ship and Port Facility Security Code establishing security requirements for vessels and port facilities.

Container Security Initiative: Program requiring screening of containers at foreign ports before shipment to the United States.